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The IWA Water Balance
- Steps for calculating Non-revenue water and Water losses:

Define System input volume and enter in Column A.
Define Billed metered consumption and Billed unmetered consumption in Column D; enter total in Billed authorised consumption (Column C) and Revenue water (Column E).
Calculate the volume of Non-revenue water (Column E) as System input volume (Column A) minus Revenue water (Column E).
Define Unbilled metered consumption and Unbilled unmetered consumption in Column D; transfer total to Unbilled authorised consumption in Column C.
Add volumes of Billed authorised consumption and Unbilled authorised consumption in Column C; enter sum as Authorised consumption (top of Column B).
Calculate Water losses (Column B) as the difference between System input volume (column A) and Authorised consumption (Column B).
Assess components of Unauthorised consumption and Metering inaccuracies (Column D) by best means available, add these and enter sum in Apparent losses (Column C
Calculate Real losses (Column C) as Water losses (Column B) minus Apparent losses (Column C).
Assess components of Real losses (Column D) by best means available (night flow analysis, burst frequency/flowrate/duration calculations, modelling, etc.), add these and cross-check with volume of Real losses in Column C which was derived from Step 8.

It is recommended that the water balance calculation is made at least annually, preferably more frequently, and that an ongoing programme of meter testing and calibration is undertaken. The water balance calculation will be approximate to some degree due to the impossibility of obtaining complete accuracy. It is recommended that confidence grades are assigned to each component, incorporating both the accuracy and reliability of the estimate.

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